diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/build_parse_table_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/build_parse_table_spec.cc
index bcc5f143..d05fbe58 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/build_parse_table_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/build_parse_table_spec.cc
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ using namespace build_tables;
 START_TEST
 
 describe("build_parse_table", []() {
-  SyntaxGrammar parse_grammar({
+  SyntaxGrammar parse_grammar{{
       { "rule0", choice({ i_sym(1), i_sym(2) }) },
       { "rule1", i_token(0) },
       { "rule2", i_token(1) },
-  }, {}, { Symbol(2, SymbolOptionToken) }, set<set<Symbol>>());
+  }, {}, { Symbol(2, SymbolOptionToken) }, {}};
 
-  LexicalGrammar lex_grammar({
+  LexicalGrammar lex_grammar{{
       { "token0", pattern("[a-c]") },
       { "token1", pattern("[b-d]") },
-  }, {});
+  }, {}, {}};
 
   it("first looks for the start rule and its item set closure", [&]() {
     auto result = build_parse_table(parse_grammar, lex_grammar);
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/first_symbols_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/first_symbols_spec.cc
index 111e4910..1928f823 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/first_symbols_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/first_symbols_spec.cc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ using namespace rules;
 START_TEST
 
 describe("first_symbols", []() {
-  const SyntaxGrammar null_grammar;
+  SyntaxGrammar null_grammar;
 
   describe("for a sequence AB", [&]() {
     it("ignores B when A cannot be blank", [&]() {
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ describe("first_symbols", []() {
               i_token(1) }),
           i_sym(0) });
 
-      SyntaxGrammar grammar({
+      SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
           { "rule0", seq({
               i_token(2),
               i_token(3),
               i_token(4) }) }
-      }, {});
+      }, {}, {}, {}};
 
       AssertThat(first_symbols(rule, grammar), Equals(set<Symbol>({
           Symbol(0),
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ describe("first_symbols", []() {
           i_sym(0),
           i_token(1) });
 
-      SyntaxGrammar grammar({
+      SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
           { "rule0", choice({
               i_token(0),
               blank() }) }
-      }, {});
+      }, {}, {}, {}};
 
       AssertThat(first_symbols(rule, grammar), Equals(set<Symbol>({
           Symbol(0),
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ describe("first_symbols", []() {
 
   describe("when there are left-recursive rules", [&]() {
     it("terminates", [&]() {
-      SyntaxGrammar grammar({
+      SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
           { "rule0", choice({
               seq({ i_sym(0), i_token(10) }),
               i_token(11),
           }) },
-      }, {});
+      }, {}, {}, {}};
 
       auto rule = i_sym(0);
 
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_closure_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_closure_spec.cc
index 4716450b..9411a556 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_closure_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_closure_spec.cc
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ using namespace rules;
 START_TEST
 
 describe("item_set_closure", []() {
-  SyntaxGrammar grammar({
+  SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
       { "E", seq({
           i_sym(1),
           i_token(11) }) },
       { "T", seq({
           i_token(12),
           i_token(13) }) },
-  }, {});
+  }, {}, {}, {}};
 
   it("adds items at the beginnings of referenced rules", [&]() {
     ParseItemSet item_set = item_set_closure(
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_transitions_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_transitions_spec.cc
index e67d72b0..cc97ed8d 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_transitions_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/item_set_transitions_spec.cc
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ describe("char_transitions(LexItemSet)", []() {
 });
 
 describe("sym_transitions(ParseItemSet, SyntaxGrammar)", [&]() {
-  SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-      { "A", blank() },
-      { "B", i_token(21) },
-  }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+  SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+    { "A", blank() },
+    { "B", i_token(21) },
+  }, {}, {}, {}};
 
   it("computes the closure of the new item sets", [&]() {
     ParseItemSet set1({
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/lex_conflict_manager_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/lex_conflict_manager_spec.cc
index 95193385..24f74def 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/lex_conflict_manager_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/lex_conflict_manager_spec.cc
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ using namespace build_tables;
 START_TEST
 
 describe("LexConflictManager", []() {
-  LexicalGrammar lexical_grammar({
+  LexicalGrammar lexical_grammar{{
       { "other_token", pattern("[a-b]") },
       { "lookahead_token", pattern("[c-d]") },
-  }, {});
+  }, {}, {}};
 
   LexConflictManager conflict_manager(lexical_grammar);
 
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/parse_conflict_manager_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/parse_conflict_manager_spec.cc
index 0fbff735..226eb6ab 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/parse_conflict_manager_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/parse_conflict_manager_spec.cc
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ using namespace build_tables;
 START_TEST
 
 describe("ParseConflictManager", []() {
-  SyntaxGrammar syntax_grammar({
+  SyntaxGrammar syntax_grammar{{
     { "in_progress_rule1", i_token(0) },
     { "in_progress_rule2", i_token(0) },
     { "reduced_rule", i_token(0) },
     { "other_rule1", i_token(0) },
     { "other_rule2", i_token(0) },
-  }, {}, { Symbol(2, SymbolOptionToken) }, set<set<Symbol>>());
+  }, {}, { Symbol(2, SymbolOptionToken) }, {}};
 
   pair<bool, ConflictType> result;
   Symbol sym1(0);
diff --git a/spec/compiler/build_tables/rule_can_be_blank_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/build_tables/rule_can_be_blank_spec.cc
index 1e9716f1..c7e2efa6 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/build_tables/rule_can_be_blank_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/build_tables/rule_can_be_blank_spec.cc
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ describe("rule_can_be_blank", [&]() {
   });
 
   describe("checking recursively (by expanding non-terminals)", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "A", choice({
-            seq({ i_sym(0), i_token(11) }),
-            blank() }) },
-        { "B", choice({
-            seq({ i_sym(1), i_token(12) }),
-            i_token(13) }) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "A", choice({
+          seq({ i_sym(0), i_token(11) }),
+          blank() }) },
+      { "B", choice({
+          seq({ i_sym(1), i_token(12) }),
+          i_token(13) }) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     it("terminates for left-recursive rules that can be blank", [&]() {
       rule = i_sym(0);
diff --git a/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats_spec.cc
index ed993f11..9e28fb83 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats_spec.cc
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ using prepare_grammar::expand_repeats;
 
 describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   it("replaces repeat rules with pairs of recursive rules", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", repeat(i_token(0)) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", repeat(i_token(0)) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   });
 
   it("replaces repeats inside of sequences", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", seq({
-            i_token(10),
-            repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", seq({
+          i_token(10),
+          repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   });
 
   it("replaces repeats inside of choices", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", choice({ i_token(10), repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", choice({ i_token(10), repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   });
 
   it("does not create redundant auxiliary rules", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", choice({
-            seq({ i_token(1), repeat(i_token(4)) }),
-            seq({ i_token(2), repeat(i_token(4)) }) }) },
-        { "rule1", seq({ i_token(3), repeat(i_token(4)) }) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", choice({
+          seq({ i_token(1), repeat(i_token(4)) }),
+          seq({ i_token(2), repeat(i_token(4)) }) }) },
+      { "rule1", seq({ i_token(3), repeat(i_token(4)) }) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   });
 
   it("can replace multiple repeats in the same rule", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", seq({
-            repeat(i_token(10)),
-            repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", seq({
+          repeat(i_token(10)),
+          repeat(i_token(11)) }) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ describe("expand_repeats", []() {
   });
 
   it("can replace repeats in multiple rules", [&]() {
-    SyntaxGrammar grammar({
-        { "rule0", repeat(i_token(10)) },
-        { "rule1", repeat(i_token(11)) },
-    }, {}, set<Symbol>(), set<set<Symbol>>());
+    SyntaxGrammar grammar{{
+      { "rule0", repeat(i_token(10)) },
+      { "rule1", repeat(i_token(11)) },
+    }, {}, {}, {}};
 
     auto match = expand_repeats(grammar);
 
diff --git a/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens_spec.cc b/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens_spec.cc
index ba97d491..0b0a45d8 100644
--- a/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens_spec.cc
+++ b/spec/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens_spec.cc
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ using prepare_grammar::expand_tokens;
 describe("expand_tokens", []() {
   describe("string rules", [&]() {
     it("replaces strings with sequences of character sets", [&]() {
-      LexicalGrammar grammar({
+      LexicalGrammar grammar{{
           { "rule_A", seq({
               i_sym(10),
               str("xyz"),
               i_sym(11) }) },
-      }, {});
+      }, {}, {}};
 
       auto result = expand_tokens(grammar);
 
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ describe("expand_tokens", []() {
     });
 
     it("handles strings containing non-ASCII UTF8 characters", [&]() {
-      LexicalGrammar grammar({
-          // α β
-          { "rule_A", str("\u03B1 \u03B2") },
-      }, {});
+      LexicalGrammar grammar{{
+        // α β
+        { "rule_A", str("\u03B1 \u03B2") },
+      }, {}, {}};
 
       auto result = expand_tokens(grammar);
 
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ describe("expand_tokens", []() {
 
   describe("regexp rules", [&]() {
     it("replaces regexps with the equivalent rule tree", [&]() {
-      LexicalGrammar grammar({
-          { "rule_A", seq({
-              i_sym(10),
-              pattern("x*"),
-              i_sym(11) }) },
-      }, {});
+      LexicalGrammar grammar{{
+        { "rule_A", seq({
+            i_sym(10),
+            pattern("x*"),
+            i_sym(11) }) },
+      }, {}, {}};
 
       auto result = expand_tokens(grammar);
 
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ describe("expand_tokens", []() {
     });
 
     it("handles regexps containing non-ASCII UTF8 characters", [&]() {
-      LexicalGrammar grammar({
-          // [^α-δ]
-          { "rule_A", pattern("[^\u03B1-\u03B4]*") },
-      }, {});
+      LexicalGrammar grammar{{
+        // [^α-δ]
+        { "rule_A", pattern("[^\u03B1-\u03B4]*") },
+      }, {}, {}};
 
       auto result = expand_tokens(grammar);
 
@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@ describe("expand_tokens", []() {
     });
 
     it("returns an error when the grammar contains an invalid regex", [&]() {
-      LexicalGrammar grammar({
-          { "rule_A", seq({
-              pattern("("),
-              str("xyz"),
-              pattern("[") }) },
-      }, {});
+      LexicalGrammar grammar{{
+        { "rule_A", seq({
+            pattern("("),
+            str("xyz"),
+            pattern("[") }) },
+      }, {}, {}};
 
       auto result = expand_tokens(grammar);
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.cc b/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.cc
index 214088dd..a9159f6d 100644
--- a/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.cc
@@ -11,19 +11,6 @@ using std::pair;
 using std::vector;
 using std::set;
 
-LexicalGrammar::LexicalGrammar() {}
-
-LexicalGrammar::LexicalGrammar(
-    const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-    const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules)
-    : rules(rules), aux_rules(aux_rules) {}
-
-LexicalGrammar::LexicalGrammar(
-    const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-    const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules,
-    const vector<rules::rule_ptr> &separators)
-    : rules(rules), aux_rules(aux_rules), separators(separators) {}
-
 const rules::rule_ptr &LexicalGrammar::rule(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const {
   return symbol.is_auxiliary() ? aux_rules[symbol.index].second
                                : rules[symbol.index].second;
diff --git a/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.h b/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.h
index 73efac22..f1b4e183 100644
--- a/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.h
+++ b/src/compiler/lexical_grammar.h
@@ -11,20 +11,11 @@ namespace tree_sitter {
 
 class LexicalGrammar {
  public:
-  LexicalGrammar();
-  LexicalGrammar(
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules);
-  LexicalGrammar(
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules,
-      const std::vector<rules::rule_ptr> &separators);
-
   const std::string &rule_name(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const;
   const rules::rule_ptr &rule(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const;
 
-  const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> rules;
-  const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> aux_rules;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> rules;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> aux_rules;
   std::vector<rules::rule_ptr> separators;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats.cc b/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats.cc
index 2ef1a191..1750e3a2 100644
--- a/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_repeats.cc
@@ -67,19 +67,18 @@ class ExpandRepeats : public rules::IdentityRuleFn {
 };
 
 SyntaxGrammar expand_repeats(const SyntaxGrammar &grammar) {
-  vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> rules, aux_rules(grammar.aux_rules);
+  SyntaxGrammar result;
+  result.aux_rules = grammar.aux_rules;
+  result.ubiquitous_tokens = grammar.ubiquitous_tokens;
+  result.expected_conflicts = grammar.expected_conflicts;
 
-  ExpandRepeats expander(aux_rules.size());
+  ExpandRepeats expander(result.aux_rules.size());
+  for (auto &pair : grammar.rules)
+    result.rules.push_back({ pair.first, expander.expand(pair.second, pair.first) });
 
-  for (auto &pair : grammar.rules) {
-    rules.push_back({ pair.first, expander.expand(pair.second, pair.first) });
-  }
-
-  aux_rules.insert(aux_rules.end(), expander.aux_rules.begin(),
-                   expander.aux_rules.end());
-
-  return SyntaxGrammar(rules, aux_rules, grammar.ubiquitous_tokens,
-                       grammar.expected_conflicts);
+  result.aux_rules.insert(result.aux_rules.end(), expander.aux_rules.begin(),
+                          expander.aux_rules.end());
+  return result;
 }
 
 }  // namespace prepare_grammar
diff --git a/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens.cc b/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens.cc
index 71fef522..d0e5055f 100644
--- a/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/prepare_grammar/expand_tokens.cc
@@ -56,34 +56,33 @@ class ExpandTokens : public rules::IdentityRuleFn {
   ExpandTokens() : error(nullptr) {}
 };
 
-pair<LexicalGrammar, const GrammarError *> expand_tokens(
-    const LexicalGrammar &grammar) {
-  vector<pair<string, rule_ptr>> rules, aux_rules;
-  vector<rule_ptr> separators;
+pair<LexicalGrammar, const GrammarError *>
+expand_tokens(const LexicalGrammar &grammar) {
+  LexicalGrammar result;
   ExpandTokens expander;
 
   for (auto &pair : grammar.rules) {
     auto rule = expander.apply(pair.second);
     if (expander.error)
-      return { LexicalGrammar(), expander.error };
-    rules.push_back({ pair.first, rule });
+      return { result, expander.error };
+    result.rules.push_back({ pair.first, rule });
   }
 
   for (auto &pair : grammar.aux_rules) {
     auto rule = expander.apply(pair.second);
     if (expander.error)
-      return { LexicalGrammar(), expander.error };
-    aux_rules.push_back({ pair.first, rule });
+      return { result, expander.error };
+    result.aux_rules.push_back({ pair.first, rule });
   }
 
   for (auto &sep : grammar.separators) {
     auto rule = expander.apply(sep);
     if (expander.error)
-      return { LexicalGrammar(), expander.error };
-    separators.push_back(rule);
+      return { result, expander.error };
+    result.separators.push_back(rule);
   }
 
-  return { LexicalGrammar(rules, aux_rules, separators), nullptr, };
+  return { result, nullptr, };
 }
 
 }  // namespace prepare_grammar
diff --git a/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.cc b/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.cc
index a58282ce..8f827647 100644
--- a/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.cc
@@ -7,22 +7,6 @@
 namespace tree_sitter {
 
 using std::string;
-using std::pair;
-using std::vector;
-using std::set;
-
-SyntaxGrammar::SyntaxGrammar() {}
-
-SyntaxGrammar::SyntaxGrammar(const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-                             const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules)
-    : rules(rules), aux_rules(aux_rules) {}
-
-SyntaxGrammar::SyntaxGrammar(const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-                             const vector<pair<string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules,
-                             const set<rules::Symbol> &ubiquitous_tokens,
-                             const set<set<rules::Symbol>> &expected_conflicts)
-    : rules(rules), aux_rules(aux_rules),
-      ubiquitous_tokens(ubiquitous_tokens), expected_conflicts(expected_conflicts) {}
 
 const rules::rule_ptr &SyntaxGrammar::rule(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const {
   return symbol.is_auxiliary() ? aux_rules[symbol.index].second
diff --git a/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.h b/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.h
index 379bd6e1..42f2e6fc 100644
--- a/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.h
+++ b/src/compiler/syntax_grammar.h
@@ -12,21 +12,11 @@ namespace tree_sitter {
 
 class SyntaxGrammar {
  public:
-  SyntaxGrammar();
-  SyntaxGrammar(
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules);
-  SyntaxGrammar(
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &rules,
-      const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> &aux_rules,
-      const std::set<rules::Symbol> &ubiquitous_tokens,
-      const std::set<std::set<rules::Symbol>> &expected_conflicts);
-
   const std::string &rule_name(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const;
   const rules::rule_ptr &rule(const rules::Symbol &symbol) const;
 
-  const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> rules;
-  const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> aux_rules;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> rules;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, rules::rule_ptr>> aux_rules;
   std::set<rules::Symbol> ubiquitous_tokens;
   std::set<std::set<rules::Symbol>> expected_conflicts;
 };